We live in a mysterious universe, most of which we cannot see. What is it made of and has its composition changed over time? Starlit galaxies, galaxy clusters, and superclusters are embedded within invisible halos made up of transparent material that scientists refer to as the “dark matter.” This mysterious substance creates a huge, invisible structure throughout space and time: a fabulous and fantastical tapestry woven from heavy filaments made up of this “dark” matter, which is believed to have formed from exotic non-atomic particles and unidentified. In March 2020, a team of scientists announced that they had identified a subatomic particle that could have formed the dark matter in the Universe during its birth Big Bang.
Scientists believe that up to 80% of the Universe could be dark matter, but despite years of research, its origin remains an enigma. Although it cannot be observed directly, most astronomers think that this ghostly form of matter is actually there because it gravitationally dances with forms of matter that can be observed, such as stars and planets. This invisible material is made up of exotic particles that do not emit, absorb or reflect light.
A team of nuclear physicists at the University of York in the UK is now proposing a new candidate particle for this ghostly material, a particle they recently detected called hexaquark star d.
Tea hexaquark star d is made up of six quarks–the fundamental particles that normally combine in trios to form the protons and neutrons of the atomic nucleus.
Raise a quark to reunite Mark
Irish novelist James Joyce (1882-1941) had a drunken character in Finnegan’s wake I raised a quart of dark beer to toast a man named Finnegan who had just died. He mistakenly said “raise a quark to reunite Mark”. The American physicist, Nobel Prize winner Murray Gell-Mann (1929-2019), who was one of the scientists who proposed the existence of the quark in 1964, he thought it was so funny that he named this subparticle after the drunken host. Russian-American physicist George Zweig also independently proposed the existence of the quark that same year.
HAS quark it is a type of elementary particle that is a fundamental constituent of matter. quarks combine to create compound particles called hadrons. Hadrons are subatomic particles of a type that includes protons Y neutrons, who can participate in the strong interaction that holds atomic nuclei together. In fact, the most stable hadrons are protons Y neutrons–the components that form the nuclei of atoms. Due to a phenomenon term color containment, quarks they have not been directly observed or found in isolation. For this reason, they have been found only within hadrons. Because of this, much of what scientists have learned about quarks has been derived from the study hadrons.
quarks they also display certain intrinsic properties, such as mass, color, electric charge, and spin. They are the only known elementary particle in the Standard model of particle physics to show the four fundamental interactions, also called fundamental forces–tea strong interaction, the weak Interaction, gravitationY electromagnetism. quarks they are also the only known elementary particles whose electric charges are not integer multiples of the elementary charge.
the types of quarks are known as flavors: up, down, weird, charm, bottom, Y upper part. The weight quarks quickly undergo a metamorphosis into up Y down quarks as a result of a process called particle decomposition. particle decomposition refers to the transformation from a state of higher mass to states of lower mass. For this reason, up Y down quarks are stable, in addition to the most abundant in the Universe. Unlike, strange, enchanting, background, Y upper part quarks it can only be produced in high-energy collisions, such as those involving cosmic rays or particle accelerators. For each quark flavor there is a corresponding antiquark Tea antiquark antiparticle differs from the quark only on certain properties, such as electric charge. Tea antiquark antiparticles They have the same magnitude but opposite sign.
There was little evidence of the physical existence of quarks until deep inelastic scattering experiments were performed on the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in 1968. Accelerator experiments have provided evidence for the existence of all six flavors. Tea top quarkfirst observed in fermilab in 1995, it was the last to be discovered.
The land of the shadows of the universe
It is often said that most of our Universe is “missing”, composed mainly of an unidentified substance known as dark energy. the mysterious dark energy it is causing the Universe to accelerate in its expansion, and is thought to be a property of Space itself.
The most recent measurements indicate that the Universe is made up of approximately 70% dark energy and 25% dark matter. Currently, both the origin and nature of the mysterious dark matter Y dark energy are unknown. A considerably smaller fraction of our Universe is made up of so-called “ordinary” atomic matter. “Ordinary” atomic matter – which is really extraordinary – is comparatively scarce. However, it is the material that accounts for all the items listed in the familiar Periodic table. Despite being the little “little” of the cosmic litter of three, “ordinary” atomic matter is what makes up stars, planets, moons and people, everything with which human beings on Earth are more familiar. It is also the precious form of matter that caused life to form and evolve in the Universe.
On the largest scales, the Universe looks the same wherever you look. It shows a bubbly and foamy appearance, with extremely massive and huge filaments composed of dark matter intertwining with each other, creating a web-like structure known as the cosmic network. The ghostly and transparent filaments of the great cosmic web are traced by myriads of galaxies burning with the fires of brilliant starlight, thus outlining the immense intertwined tresses of dark matter that contain the galaxies of the visible Universe. Huge, cavernous, dark and almost empty Empty interrupt this web-like pattern. Tea Empty they host few galaxies, and this is the reason why they appear to be completely empty. In dramatic contrast, the massive starlit filaments of the cosmic web weave around these almost empty Emptycreating a fabulous and complicated braided knot.
Some cosmologists have proposed that the entire large-scale structure of the Universe is actually composed of a single filament and a single empty twisted together in an intricate and complex tangle.
Enter the Hexaquark d-star
Tea hexaquark star d is made up of six quarks. These fundamental particles normally combine in trios to form the protons and neutrons of the atomic nucleus. Most importantly, the six quarks in a hexaquark star d create a boson particle. This indicates that when a large number of d star hexaquarks are present that can dance together and combine in very different ways than protons and neutrons. HAS boson It is a particle that carries energy. For example, photons are bosons
The team of scientists from the University of York proposes that under the conditions that existed shortly after the Big Bang, a multitude of d star hexaquarks could have gathered and then combined when the Universe cooled from its original extremely hot state and then expanded to give rise to a fifth state of matter, which is called a Bose–Einstein condensate.
HAS Bose–Einstein condensate it is a state of matter in which separate atoms or subatomic particles, cooled to near absolute zero, coalesce into a single quantum entity, that is, one that can be described by a wave function, on an almost macroscopic scale.
Dr. Mikhail Bashkanov and Dr. Daniel Watts of the Department of Physics at the University of York published the first assessment of the feasibility of this new dark matter candidate.
Dr. Watts noted on a March 3, 2020 York University press release that “The origin of dark matter in the Universe is one of the biggest questions in science and one that, until now, has been left blank.”
“Our first calculations indicate that the condensation of d-stars are a new feasible candidate for dark matter and this new possibility seems worthy of further investigation,” he added.
“The result is particularly exciting as it does not require any new concepts for physics,” Dr Watts continued.
Co-author Dr. Bashkanov explained in the same York University press release that “The next step in establishing this new dark matter candidate will gain a better understanding of how the d-stars interact: when they attract and when they repel. We are teaching new measures to create d-stars inside an atomic nucleus and see if their properties are different than when they are in free space”.
The scientists now plan to collaborate with researchers in Germany and the United States to test their new theory.dark matter and hunt d star hexaquarks In the universe.